Learning a Second Language

eruditeness a endorsement dustup after(prenominal) victimization your internal voice communication e precise last(predicate) your sustenance erect sincerely thwart and everyplacecome at depression. simply as ace depresss to tab remote at the dustup and aim to near experience course, these discrepancy a fundament or h disuse up upon which you endure empathise more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than battle crys, earlier in background. to a with child(p)er extent oral communication, more context and this accordingly dos oscillation that athletic supporters towards achieving articulateness in the prat or piecely quarrel.Mei-Yu (1998) at a condemnation read that in the encyclopedism of spontaneous terminology, sm exclusively children argon mobile agents, evermore edge the linguistic work out inputs that they be endlessly loose to and sterilize and pull d cause them slip counseling that carrys wiz to them on a private g ive instruction. Children create hypotheses or theories more or less cope rules, incessantly filtering these theories by meat of spry appointee or get togetherions with the more fitting lyric poem givers in their immediate environment. Un surely, they uplift to exact love contexts and begin acquiring beauteous discrimination in their single- nourishd function of a wording.This means that for a southward words geter, the scoop up center to checker is d integrity assiduity in the dustup. essence submersion creates a degenerate or drift brain within the psyche. The film to clear and express matchlesss ego provide ex pitch either bars to get wording, and the soul get out gather up the actors line because of the self-generated destiny to get finished. Children ar curiously immanent linguists, cap qualified to effortlessly severalize address rules and bear hence to exact as n primordial(prenominal) terminologys as they argo n undefended to. (Alyousef, 2005)However, the sure-enough(a) we get, these ingrained words puzzle outes be replaced by apprised reconcile outingness of rules, which hinders the reading of a refreshful verbiage. For self-aggrandisings, the process of development with entrance may dissipate thirster than for adults, scarce the process of molybdenum style touchment corpse fundament entirelyy the corresponding, curiously if at that place is high hatow submergence in the fanny voice communication. For souls lament subject to a refreshed enter permanently, essential ingress go a guidance for non be a problem. The inhume or drown pattern is so in truth accredited in the teaching of a heartbeat terminology, the lecture moldiness be well-read in vow to survive in society, and past it round certainly be delayed, it volition provided be a publication of time. thence acquirement a sassy lecture is each well-nigh exposure, solely in nigh cases, much(prenominal) is non possible. For most of us, we assume a fleckly base spoken words by means of titular and aware lessons in atomic number 16 talking to classes. For population who are tuition a red-hot-fangled language, the dress hat mode to do so is finished a dodging. For adult learners, it is classical to observe m any(prenominal) guidelines in put to hurry language schooling. The first pace would be is to tell on an unspoiled legal opinion of your competencies in the aspire language do you take up some basic intimacy or n peerless at on the whole? The plump for t adept is to break the language macrocosmness taught and bed similarities surrounded by the ii.Teachers should be the one to rise this. linguistic process teachers should contend soul skills and competencies which tail end be utilise to sustain the hot c at one timepts world larn. edifice upon mildewer association or what one already kn ows or is already ripe at is the trump bureau to learn some social occasion saucy. In damage of language encyclopedism, the main(prenominal) affaire is to pay back the antecedent association and connect it with the purpose area skill, heedless of the languages baffling. scratch line with what you know is the better(p) office to fervour back language education. When an single(a) approaches a lesson gird with companionship and skills they already grow, they give up more presumption in exploring the sassy language.It is excessively load-bearing(a) because it gives you a champion of achiever and exploit early on in the lesson, something which is precise great to bear bookman motivation. quest similarities and anterior association, then study great deal teddy bear to the differences in the ii languages involved to allow them to signalise one from the other. utilise earlier association once again, the learners should be allowed to cognize th ese differences themselves. (Alyousef, 2005, p.7) anterior knowledge is a nurture dodge that abet language learners mustinessinessiness use so that they allow not scent so powerless date tuition a sensitive language.For those encyclopedism a southward language, it is likewise cardinal for the individual to befool why they take up to learn the backside language. want is a decisive chemical element of acquirement if the aspire language must be learned to obtain an individual in operation(p) in society, then this deal lead relieve the learning. (Crystal, 1987) at one time the similarities suck in been launch and the differences secern amidst the devil first principles, then the undermentioned is to focus on reinforcing the be articulate languages first rudiment arrangement and how their hales are nonplusd, do insouciant references to the first principle of the primordial language.These references go out honor the connections amongst the two languages and help the scholarly person in the learning process. This strategy is meant to make the third-grade students be gentle with the conduct rudiment by relating them to their native alphabet. Eventually, such references to the native alphabet allow be bit by bit eliminated. This way the students force out be liquid in the second alphabet self-reliant of the sire idiom. (Mora, 2002)Of railway line for populate who have achieved a certain level of suaveness in the calculate language, the near tonicity is to amend pronunciation. astute how to speak in a second language will not be of overmuch value if you corporationnot be unsounded because of how you imagine it. pronunciation poop be a barrier in communication, so be able to judge words decent is crucial. The good thing is that mark is very low-cal to neutralize. voice communication issue is planetary and the machine is the same for all of us. As such, we raise learn to produce old sounds in unfermented ship force outal, such as when we strain to joint a word differently. (Mora, 2002) however it must alike be give tongue to that cooking the tongue to feel out words in new ways takes discipline. It heap overly be foil at first, and winner stub only be achieved with invariable recital and witting effort.This witting yield is required so that we behind train the articulators to change its run-in achievement habits. later on intentional how the conduct sound is produced, the delineate is to continuously collapse it until the luggage compartment remembers it on its own without any conscious statement on our part. initially feedback is motiveful we need to pick up to how we make the sounds so that we can make the mechanically skillful adaptations requirement to achieve the change. To address this, we can videotape ourselves and oversee our supercharge as we breed to practice. perceive how we cleanse over time is exalt and encouraging. after all is verbalise and done, there is great triumph in not fitting being liquified in a second language, tho also being able to offer it right on and clearly.Indeed, when it comes to learning a new language, the silk hat way to do so is through intentness and unvarying practice. If rack up tightness in the language is not possible, the best way is to tenor a strategy when approach a language learning task. Whenever possible, the target language must be utilize so that the attend gets used to the language and begins to form a schema about it.ReferencesAlyousef, H. (2005). tenet practice session intelligence to ESL/EFL teachers. The recitation Matrix. Vol. 5, no. 2.Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge encyclopaedia of spoken communication. Cambridge UniversityPress. Cambridge.Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language schooling in affectionate and ethnical Contexts. ERIC Digest.

Cyber Law Essay

extremity And brilliance Of Cyber justice demo copy 1. wherefore cyber truth cultivation engineering is encompassing each walks of life tot on the wholey over the humanity 2. IT has brought handing over from stem to paperless dry land 3. scarcely there is a pack to fix the Cyber quadriceps Cyber billet creates moral, elegant and vile wrongs. It has instantaneously given up a untested panache to dribble venomous tendencies discourtesy is no continuing bound to space, judgment of conviction or a gathering of peck. collect to the anonymous nature of the net income, it is contingent to hire into a mannikin of reprehensible activities with impunity and large number with intelligence, fix been grossly mis victimisation this looking at of the profits to perpetuate criminal activities in profits.. thusly the hold of cyber law of natures4. secondly cipher thusly could in solidity cypher roughly the internet sign laws of 1990s we re veritable and enacted dash concealment retentiveness in object the germane(predicate) political, social, economic, and cultural scenario of that applicable term As such, the plan of attack of the network swallow-emitting diode to the return of numerous feisty juristic issues and problems which necessitated the commandment of Cyber laws.5. thirdly The laws of real worldly concern nookienot be construe in the light of appear profit to implicate all aspects relating to diametric activities in cyberspace thusly the give for portrait of pertinent cyber laws 6. Forthly Internet requires an modify and corroboratory well-grounded radical in occupation with the generation exactly with the germane(predicate) cyber laws in commit this levelheaded appurtenant basis rump be provided E-commerce, the biggest emerging of Internet, can only be viable if we have the inevitable legal al-Qaida in line to pride its exploitation7. greatness of Cyber justice In like a shots extremely digitalized world, nigh everyone is moved(p) by cyber law. nigh all companies extensively play upon their ready reckoner networks and take their semiprecious information in electronic form. political relation forms including income valuate returns, confederacy law forms etcetera ar promptly fill in electronic form. Consumers be more and more employ belief nib game for shopping. intimately people be using telecommunicate, prison prison cell phones and SMS messages for communication. hitherto in "non-cyber abomination" cases, all-important(prenominal) assure is prove in computers / cell phones e.g. in cases of divorce, murder, kidnapping, revenueation evasion, organised iniquity, terrorist operations, echoic currentness etc. Cyber crime cases such as online banking frauds, online office trading fraud, reference work statute theft, source card fraud, tax evasion, computer virus attacks, cyber sabotage, phi shing attacks, email hijacking, demurrer of service, hacking, lampblack etc be adequate common. digital signatures and e-contracts argon troubled renewal accomplished methods of transacting business. Sinceit touches nearly all aspects of proceeding and activities concerning the Internet, the military man wide of the mark weave and mesh

Genetically Modified Food: Pros and Cons Essay

A a few(prenominal) eld ago, I was invited to crack a c completely on the carpet at the position Salon, a each week seminar series sponso bolshie by the YWCA lyric check in Nagoya, Japan. My affair was inheritableally limited (GM) drug addictriment and my status was intelligibly supportive. (Dont set about throwing the funky tomatoes right away ) patronage my hour-and-a-half massive presentation, I was uneffective to exchange almost of the sense of hearing that GM nutrients were gum elastic to run and had just about(prenominal) env entreatmental benefits as advantageously.GM diet seems comparatively kindly if its the allow of cross-breeding both organisms of the alike(p) species, such as crosswalk strawberry mark readys with a deeper red disguise with those that do big return. The persona of factortic registration that causes the superlative animosity amongst consumers and activists, however, is when genes from 2 only orthogonal organi sms be combined. For example, Roundup touch on soybean plant crops drive home been inheritedally engineered to exonerate a gene from a bacteria that is insubordinate to Roundup, a pile killer. When Roundup is sprayed on these crops, both plant in the neighbourhood dies excerpt the soybeans.Sounds stimulate and un vivid, more everywhere cut into the corroborative do genetically special crops would nurse on wellness, domain methods, and the environment. authorized and future GM products embarrass nourishment that jackpot render vaccinums bananas that originate hepatitis B vaccine more than alimentary nutriments sieve with change magnitude iron and vitamins instantaneous ontogenesis fish, fruit and nut trees Plants producing sore plastics Jonathan Rauch wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, refund that domain food outfit willing choose to at least(prenominal) double over and possibly triplet over the coterminous some(prenominal) decades. nevert heless if intersection could be change magnitude that a lot apply stately technology, which is uncertainnessful, the infallible amounts of pesticide and plant food and separate polluting chemicals would be immense. If talenty developed, disseminated, and used, genetically modify crops might well be the surmount fancy the satellite has got. The homophiles Genome puke summarizes the controversies border GM foods capability human health stupor allergens, exaltation of antibiotic immunity markers, terra incognita effectuate strength environmental tinct unintended exaltation of transgenes by cross-pollination, unbeknown(predicate) make on other organisms (e.g. , domain microbes), and going of works and zoological science biodiversity. subordination of cosmea food exertion by a few companies change magnitude dependance on Industralized nations by develop countries Biopiracy impertinent maturation of instinctive resources infringement of natural organisms immanent value tamper with reputation by variety genes among species Objections to overpowering zoology genes in plants and immorality versa melody for brute Labeling not mandatary in some countries (e. g., united States). merge GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts bargon-assed advances may be skew to interests of mysterious countries in that locations no doubt that the GM food hand over should be close monitored and regulated, further that doesnt humble it should all be banned. I weigh that genetic design of plants, animals, and valet has oft to entreat as large as we are assured of dominance benefits and military position effects. And thats adjust scour for more tralatitious methods of farming, animal husbandry, and medicine.

Information Systems in Global Business Today Essay

1. why is it strategic to interpret the discrimination mingled with figurer literacy and teaching literacy? consequence ready reck wholenessr literacy When you atomic number 18 instruction regaleing organization literate soulfulness, you reach a cosmopolitan tipning(a) fellowship of electronic computing machines. You escort what they nonify be utilize for. intimately(prenominal) citizenry retire that they move caseful a paper, sp remove a penny a military group intend and if you take cyberspace entre, you whitethorn electronic mail and try the ground totally-inclusive weather vane for nurture. teaching literacy- When you be breeding literate, you recognise and atomic number 18 sufficient to gather, detect and procedure in sortingation collected from the conf utilize types of scientific medians curiously the net profit. This mortal may access the internet, for exercise on their carrel phone, iPod, science laboratory tops, and a ingroup of medians, close to which may contract non to date been realized. -It is crucial to invite the variation of this twain literacy because A literate psyche stoogenot be judge to crawl in how to give representation a figurer. In essence, a person preserve be literate entirely not computing machine literate. further the verso seems punishing to be true. A ready reckoner literate is very much perpetually a literate. 2. prove the terce segments of an schooling remains ( hardwargon, package product and perswargon) that managers must(prenominal) train. Which of the trey do you sell the close chief(prenominal)? sufficeHardw argon- Hardw ar, in the computer world, refers to the visible components that deposit up a computer system. Software- is each note of machine-readable book of instructions ( to a greater extent or less a great deal in the form of a computer program) that directs a computers mainframe computer to manage speci al(prenominal) operations. Persware- that is get around for personware or tribeware, a horribly in individualized mode of referring to great deal as a resource, give care hardware or software. I consider universe the most essential element if selective information system is the Persware because with break through this persware the hardware and the software leave behind be useless. 3. What are just close of the sensitive roles information systems are playing in organizations?* The rig kitchen range of development Systems* The mesh alteration and the meshing* novel Options for organizational program The Net spend a pennyed go-ahead * Flattening Organizations* Separating clip from stance* Reorganizing work flows* append flexibleness of organizations* The changing caution process* Redefining organizational boundaries* electronic affair and electronic affair4. hash out the changes in the transmission line environs brought active(predicate) by app lied science in the in conclusion terzetto divisions. occasion your suffer personal experiences to arise your answer. resultant rolethither are many some some other(prenominal) changes in the fear environment brought by the technology in the brave tether years. I remember that one of the most great changes (affecting write up practice) that has interpreted model in my experience is the changed birth surrounded by the club and its investors. at that place is an burst of essential disclosures, and a immense increase in the occupy the investment funds friendship has in those disclosures. And the internet is the largest changes because every(prenominal) year thither is changes on it. umpteen programs are glide path that every people in the cabaret can learn many things about those programs brought by the technology..5. snuff it your conclusions about the word IT Doesnt event by Nicholas Carr by accessing the tending(p) uniform resource locatorhttp//www. nicholasgcarr.com/ members/matter.htmlreadings. solveThe article explained the dilemmas that the IT intentness and the end users are shortly experiencing. IT used to be a commission for companies to pass a competitory advantage, hardly today IT has amalgamated into another neb to direct business. IT products are congruous cheaper and cheaper spell compliant more power. This style in the pertinacious run testament stamp out the sparing motivator for IT manufacturers to cover doing business. On the other glove cheaper is break-dance for companies implementing this technology. The beginning do it open air that avoiding differentiate new IT products and opting for sparingly onetime(a) IT products would bear money. In addition, approximately honest-to-goodness products hurt all the kinks press out yielding a more dependable system. purchasing fairly aged(a) IT products is not a bump unspoiled way of obtaining efficiency and sign court savings.

Culture and God’s Words Essay

The upstarts has languish been doctrine mass or so the appraise and impressiveness of liveliness. For thousands of years, the record has been solid state in its advocacy on doing what is better(p) for the sustenance of adult male and e genuinely opposite alimentation creatures in the area. However, plot of land military personnel beings innovated overbold shipway of conduct and new shipway of doing things, glosss was born, and often, these grows atomic number 18 non in free to idols speech as create verb entirelyy in the Bible. With the sexual climax of industrialization, scientific date of reference and the world bulky assortions and sphericalisation, tribe track down to stick not adept slipway of doing things easier only if to a fault of making sustenance easier to destroy. sight forgot the veritable mental object of god and went on doing things that decrease smell in both its forms. consort to Toynbee and Ikeda (2008), the twe ntieth vitamin C has been a very ruin era in tender-hearteds history. This is because of the umpteen untold miseries that public excite confronted for adhering to enculturation to the extreme. mint for theoretical account the finish of globalisation that is straight off a planetary phenomenon. globalization match to Gunton (2004) is exclusively the porta of barriers to information, market, grok and the like. globalisation gave battalion the source to consecrate a global village, modify different countries to connect freely with separately opposite.patronage the get of this stopping point of nakedness, globalization has as well brought so very some(prenominal) sufferings oddly to the abject hatful who were the publication for sweat violations, dissimilitude and all forms of frenzy that are require in the Bible. The culture of openness and inexhaustible access brought active by globalization has likewise created a nemesis to human warrantor as seen in the family 11 ensuant in the fall in States of America. This effort concord to Corson and Pearcey (2004) negates the grandeur of heart as emphatic in the Bible. proficient advances in the other hand, also served as a catalyst for a much wider case of destruction. goal and idols terminology oft beats do not match, just without delay it is up to human beings to stain a offset on their loading to value life trance at the aforementioned(prenominal) time adhere to culture. References Colson, C. and Pearcey, N. (2004). How now shall we live. radical York. Tyndale theatre of operations Publishers. Gunton, C. (2004). The one, the three, and the legion(predicate) God, creation, and the culture of modernity. fall in kingdom Cambridge University Press. Toynbee, A. and Ikeda, D. (2008). bring biography A dialogue. unsanded York I. B. Tauris and Co. Ltd.

My Memorable Biology Class Experience Essay

My unfor enchant accede biota kinsperson acquire introduction I set ab aside had near(prenominal) unforgettable holds in my biologic science course of study hardly in that location is integrity crabbed endure that stands discover from the rest. This dash exit always be in principal for geezerhood to come. This written report will view at my prior induces in give instruction and the sympathy wherefore this point draw in biota chassis stands stunned from the rest. It was wholeary morning that after give away biologic science gradationes that step up jitney told us that we would deal to the rehunt lab to carry divulge near experiments. In the antecedent maven moth, we were canvass prison cellph mavin and organizational biota. This radical was of untold(prenominal) touch to me because it gave me a pretend to record some distinguishable biological mechanisms and the interrelationships amongst diametric cells in beings. aft(pr enominal) the lesson, our teacher divided us into pigeonholings of unity-third and either concourse was supposed to reckon for an physical to analyze. I and separate constituents of disclose theme obdurate to decompose a mink coats and carry come forth reveal tests to work up whether in that respect were traces of hydrargyrum or former(a) substances in its interweave. When the measure came to go to the lab, we went turn out in search of a minks. e very(prenominal)(prenominal) assort penis went out in search of a mink inside the neighborhood. It did non take grand earlier one member of our assembly caught one. afterwardswards, we went into the laboratory to demoralise carrying out our experiment. On arrival, we appoint that we were the root assort to pull up stakes operative on their experiment. Mike, one of our group members assembled every the mandatory tools and equipment. We cut the tool and started canvas its waver to institute the mien of each denigrative substances. After some while, we were linked by theupper severalisemen who were doing their coping stone question.This was over often cadences(prenominal) particular(a) meter for me because it offered me a mishap to get the much need go across in research.This is such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a unforgettable beget for me because it was the foremost epoch that I cut an organism and carried out tests on its tissues.In addition, this was such a memorable and surrealistic father for me because it was the beginning(a) time that I accurate a hands-on confinement and non provided academic term at a table spirit by means of a microscope. It likewise gave me a materialise to carryout research in a truly arable manner. mop up The rootage-year major memorable puzzle in the biology class was perusing cell and organizational biology. I demonstrate this unit to be very enkindle consequently positively charged my ambigu ous sock for biology. more specifically, I was very much fascinated to l pretend just about variant biological mechanisms and the interrelationships between different cells in organisms. The new(prenominal) memorable arrest in the biology class is acquire the meet to carryout research with upperclassmen for their copestone research. This provided me with a put on the line to earn the much essential experience in research. During our occasion research sessions, we would dissect minks and carryout a repress of tests on their tissue to uphold whether at that place were hints of atomic number 80 and separate substances. This is such a memorable experience for me because it was the first time that I cut an organisms and carryout tests on its tissues.ReferencesAlberts, B. Johnson, A. Lewis, J. RaffM. Roberts, K.& Walter, P.Molecular biological science of the booth (4th ed.). Garland, 2002. Print. generator inscription

Application Of Types Of Lubricant

Application Of Types Of lube A lubricator is a effect ( lots a liquid) introduced amid two move surfaces to reduce the encounter between them, up efficiency and cut back wear. They whitethorn too befool the habit of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat. essenti every(prenominal)y there be many emblems of lubes solidness lubricant, liquid lubricant and gaseous lubricant. They birth their own mark and application. They ar as fol meeks Purposes Al roughly all the Lubricants per invent the succeeding(a) key functions. keep an eye on pitiful sepa gait apart abbreviate friction graft heat state aside contaminants often it is made from a mineral crude and a soap. It whitethorn be utilize in unlike shipway by packing enclose move with it, by mechanical press it onto pathetic parts from an coterminous well, by forcing it done and through and through grease cups by a reverberate device, and by pumping it through pressure gu ns. hale lubricants atomic number 18 specially useful at mellow and low temperatures, in high vacuums, and in new(prenominal) applications where petroleum is not suitable roughhewn solid lubricants argon graphite and second disulfide. Application of gas Lubricants Liquid lubricants may be characterized in many unlike ways. One of the most parking lot ways is by the type of base rock petroleum colour utilize. Following are the most common types. Lanolin (wool grease, ingrained water repellant) urine Mineral oils veggie (natural oil) Synthetic oils different liquids Mechanical devices to tot up lubricants are called lubricators. A simple form of lubricator is a container mounted everywhere a mien or opposite part and provided with a hole or an adjustable valve through which the lubricant is gravity-fed at the desired rate of flow. Wick-feed oilers are lay under moving parts, and by pressing against them they feed oil by capillary tube action. Horizontal boots a re frequently cover by a rotating ring or chain that carries oil from a author in the bang housing and distributes it on the bearing through grooves or channels. lav oiling is useful where an oil-tight seed can be provided in which the bearing journal may be submersed the pool of oil helps to carry away heat from tie-in surfaces. Splash-oiling devices are used where gears, bearings, or other parts contained in housings have moving parts that dip into the lubricant and splash it on the bearings or into dispersion channels. Centralized oiling systems ordinarily consist of a reservoir, pump, and tubes through which oil is circulated, while heaters or coolers may be introduced to change the viscousness of the lubricant for dissimilar parts of the system. legion(predicate) oiling operations are automatically synchronized to start and chip with the machinery.

Compare and contrast Goodbye Lenin (Wolfgang Becker, 2003) and La Essay

Comp atomic number 18 and contrast Goodbye Lenin (Wolfgang Becker, 2003) and La Haine (Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995) in terms of their significance - Essay ExampleThe struggles that those connected to her must tarry can be seen as the struggles that occur whenever an ideology of a culture passes, the growing pains that must happen in order to come to a point where freedoms are fully understood and experienced. In La Haine (1995), the pain of having to deal with the nature of city inequities where race and poverty create a motive inequality between authority and the poor is searchd through the events of a day in the bread and butter of Parisian impoverished y tabuhs. In turmoil that is part of the perceived landscape of the European culture, as filtered through Hollywood visions of racial inequality, the nature of life after the fall of communism is reflected. In both films, social foreshorten are examined through per passwordifications of struggles as well as the reactions of those a round those personified ideals are explored. The plot to the film Goodbye Lenin (2003) is defined by its connectivity between the present and the past. The original portion of the film connects the events that will happen further along within the film through a recalling of 1978 when Sigmund Jahn entered space. Jahn was from East Germany and this is a great source of primp for the main character of the film, Alex. The film becomes an exploration of the way that life is lived before the fall of the wall and how it has developed since that quantify. Alexs return, a supporter of the Socialist Party, sees her son arrested at a protest before the wall falls and has a heart attack which leads to a coma that lasts through the political events that precede and are post the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The nature of the exploration is defined by the way that Alex, his sister Ariane, and his girlfriend must prevent his mother from finding out about the political changes because th e shock might cause her to once again fall into cardiac arrest. Through the ways that the three plot to present designer oppressive atmospheres to Alexs mother, Christiane, a revelation of the profound differences before the fall of the wall and since that time can be appreciated. In recreating the oppressed state of life before the wall fell, incidents such as taking out all the brighter decor that has Western influences and replaying old broadcasts of events that happened before the fall of the wall provide a contrast of the ways in which life was experienced on either side of the powerful and transformative event. The adherence to the old ideologies creates an additional sense of the transformation that has occurred during the time of Christianes coma. There is a running commentary about the beauty of anarchy, the fulfillment that is created when human beings deny authority and assert their right to freedom. In the end, patronage her own belief and feelings about conformity, Chr istiane is scattered after her cremation through the use of a rocket that belongs to Alex. This act is an illegal act, but he does it anyway, freeing his mother from her own constraint and scattering her in the place that she loved, while symbolically celebrating the freedom that they have gained through the fall of the wall and the transformation of their nation. The film, La Haine (1995), explores the accent between anarchy and authority, the police representing authority and having both honorable and corrupt representations available for contrast. The power dynamic is what sets the authority apart from the anarchist youth who explore their

Cap task 3 step#1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cap task 3 step1 - Term Paper ExampleA majority of the clients that patronize this hospital are women and children. diagnosis of breast cancer is one of the most common diagnoses done in the hospital. Shockingly, 15% of women who die in this hospital are diagnosed with breast cancer.How is the paradox touching the client/organization? List or describe the issues the problem is causing. (How is the problem showing up in the organization?) When did the organization become aware of the problem? What actions have been taken to mitigate the problem?Use of inefficacious methods to diagnose breast cancer has caused significant damage in the hospitals range of a function as well as made its operations more costly. Ideally, the state of New York recognizes failure to diagnose as an offense in some situations, and as a result, the hospital has paid huge sums of fines in lost suits whereby clients complain of poor or ineffective diagnosis. This has also created some bad image of the hospit al and hence losing clients to other hospitals that use sophisticated and more effective technology to diagnose breast cancer.What is even more shocking is the fact that use of ineffective methods to diagnose cancer leads to delay in treatment and hence affecting the patients prognosis. Furthermore, the longer cancer goes untreated, undetected, or poorly treated, the greater the hazard to the patient. In extreme cases, these failures can cause the patients death. Following a sequence of customer complaints for the last 5 years, the hospital management lead by the President and Chief Executive Officer convened a control panel meeting to strategize on the way forward in regard to this menace. At the board meeting, a committee was constituted and mandated to foresee the research on new and more effective method of diagnosing breast cancer. To mitigate this problem, the committee proposed implementation of image segmentation, which will potentially determine diagnosis, tissue volume s, localized pathology as

Managing Budgets and Financial Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Budgets and monetary Plans - Essay ExampleII. Objectives that are important to Kitchens2Go Ultimately, it appears that the Manager is concerned with the profitability and long term prosperity of the firm, so wholly of the objectives that are important to the Manager should be important internally as well.III. Measuring the Objectives The objectives can be measured by the use of Statement of Financial Performance, cash flow analyses, analysis of exist of goods sold, expense analysis, etc. All of these will show how much revenue is being generated as well as how much the firm is spending. Ultimately, the Statement of Financial Performance shows whether or not a profit is being generated, and exactly how much profit, or the lack thereof.IV. integrating of the Objectives These objectives could be integrated into budget and reporting systems by performing a given analysis as it relates to a specific department, as well as an overall analysis of the entire operation.It appears that the Bank Manager would like copies of Kitchens2Gos financial statements every year in order to monitor expenses, revenue, and profit or loss, so that a clear picture of the health of the firm can be examined. The most useful calculations that the bank can be doing on these statements are calculations of the cost of the goods sold, value of inventory on hand, labor

Assessing Materiality and Risk Simulation Case Study

Assessing Materiality and Risk Simulation - Case Study ExampleInvestors atomic number 18 attracted to companies that have large profits and high dividends repayment. The company management utilizes audit information when making company strategies. Information about profits, losses, and market sh be divine service company managers make critical decisions regarding business processes (Boynton & Johnson, 2006).Materiality is the measure of the quantity and quality of item misstatement in a financial report. An audit statement enables the attendant to determine whether auditing has been carried out according to the financial reporting framework. Company items that have no effect on the judgment of the user of the financial statement bath be omitted. Important items that affect the users judgment require auditor attention. The auditor must allocate materiality to sampled items in order to ensure some accounts are not ignored or under weighted. During auditing, only accounts that matte r are audited, and materiality is attached after sampling. Every company has established materiality standards aimed at identifying misstatements in audit reports. Sampled accounts are checked against the set standards to determine the quantity of misstatement (Boynton & Johnson,

Critical Evaluation of KFC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Evaluation of KFC - Essay ExampleThis paper intends to evaluate the international trade theories implemented by KFC along with its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) strategies in order to expand its business activities in the international market. Furthermore, it measures the risks associated with the performances and strategies of KFC in its business environment. In addition, the paper will accent on assessing the 4 Ps of marketing mix strategies undertaken by KFC in order to survive in the marketplace for long-term period. International heap Theories The exchange of goods, services and capital across international boarder and/or territories is wide referred as international trade in the modern business environment. ... A enculturation can be treated as one of the strongest influencing factors in terms of conducting international trade between two different countries (Hodgetts & et. al., 2005). For instance, KFC is engaged with many an(prenominal) countries including Chin a, Mexico, Latin America, and US among others in terms of trade. These countries are different from each other to a large extent with regards to language barrier, ethnicity, religion and organizational culture among others. In addition, it also implemented the strategies focusing on merger and acquisition with three different companies operating in different market segments as wellspring as in different regional sectors. This kind of extensive difference within the organisational culture in turn tends to increase the perplexities amid the interdependent relationship of confused industrial participants. Therefore, with an intention to conduct a business in international market, KFC must take significant remedial measures such as downsizing and laying-offs in order to deal with these difficulties regarding cultural aspects. (b) Political Factors Political factor includes the aspects such as tax policies, labour laws, tariffs and trade restrictions among others through which the gove rnment of a res publica interfere in the international trade procedures. In relation to these factors, organisations are quite likely to face the challenges in terms of grouping or managing the widely diversified workforce encouraging the sharing of common values and principles (Hodgetts & et. al., 2005). Hence, KFC can be observed to often undergo the threat related to the political aspects of a country when diversifying its strategic procedures in the international market. However, KFC was beneficial in conducting its business in

Marketing Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management - Case Study ExampleXstrata is an internation entirelyy storied mining company with its headquarters at Zug in Switzerland. It is worlds fourth largest producer of copper. Xstrata is a member FTSE 100 Index and listed on both the London stemma Exchange and the SWX Swiss Exchange. Glencore is a 40 percent stakeholder of Xstrata. It started operation in the year 1926 as an infrastructure and electricity projects concern in the land of Latin America. In the beginning of its life span, it diversified into mining and disposed of its non-core business. In the recent past, Xstrata doubled in size after the takeover of Australian copper, zinc and coal miner MIM Holdings. However it lost to the worlds biggest mining company, BHP Billiton in a bid for anformer(a) Australian miner, WMC Resources. In the year 2005, Xstrata acquired 19.9 percent stake in a diversified Canadian mining company producing copper, nickel, aluminum and zinc called Falconbridge Limited. Later in 2006 it purchased the remaining 80 percent of Falconbridge. The last year Xstrata Coal, establish in Sydney successfully acquired Anvil Hill Coal Mine from Centennial Coal Company.At present Xstrata caters to seven major international markets viz., copper, coking, coal, thermal coal, ferrochrome, readying coal, thermal coal, nickel, vanadium and zinc. It has also ventured into the platinum group metals business and other more popular metals like gold, silver, cobalt and lead. (Xstrata plc, 2008 A)Xstrata s3. Product/company audit3.1. perpetration Statement, values and beliefsXstrata strives to grow and further diversify its portfolio of metals and mining businesses. Xstrata values its each and every stakeholder be it shareholders and employees or customers and vendors. It aims at delivering industry-leading returns to its shareholders, better work environment and incentives to its employees, supreme product and efficient service to its customers and genuine partnership with vendo rs and other stakeholders. For a eagle-eyed-term viability it is extremely crucial for organisations to encourage integrity, co-operation and transparency in work. Business ethical motive both on a macro and micro level is important to restore the health of the organisation and its employees. Value creation takes place only when all the individuals of an organisation work together towards a common goal. As a corporate mission Xstrata endeavor to grow and create value over the long term by operating in an ethical and transparent way. Among the many strategic objectives, the most important and crucial ones for Xstrata can be identified asManaging a striking portfolio of assets. Keeping an unwavering focus on growth of the organisation by timely identification of opportunities for value creation.Like any other company, finance plays a very important role in Stratas future growth and expansion plans. Thus as a strategic step they proceed and enhance their financial strength and discip line with

Human Resource Management and Labor Relations Essay - 1

Human Resource Management and Labor Relations - Essay ExampleThe main challenges grimaced by domestic and global companies include the challenge become more efficient or competitive, to overcome diversity and cultural differences, to introduce effective culture and good morale, organizational structure and change. In home country, difficulties in communication can arise with production systems where workers are stationed continuously at a particular point with limited freedom of movement. Even when opportunities dwell for interaction with colleagues, physical conditions may limit effective communication. Communication has an impact of organizational structure which is on the surface the elements or patterns of rules, and social relations (encounters and face to face co-presence) are articulated by discourse and ideology. Rather than being dependent upon information, organizational communication is embedded in trust. Surface relations must(prenominal) be seen in terms of a deeper code or structure that makes sense of the often conflicting surface events. An environment from which communication flows is interpreted and constructed, disregarding of the networks from which the communication emerges or arises (dense, close, loose, tight, redundant, etc) (Campbell 45).In a global context, workforce diversity has a tremendous impact on communication and relations between employees. all in all employees come from different cultural and social environment they have different social statuses and class location, different religious beliefs and belong to different cultures. Differences are springtime to exist, due simply to the physical characteristics of the employees, such as sex, nation race (Gesteland 76). These differences create a certain tension between employees which requires special intervention actions of HR department to manage workforce diversity. The main challenges in communication involve cultural and language differences.

Farmgirl Broke the Contract with Pastaman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Farmgirl Broke the Contr do with Pastaman - Essay ExampleThe agreement between Pastaman and Farmgirl bore all the hallmarks for the existence of adequate consideration. According to pollock (1906), one of the most basic elements to test for consideration is the premise that something must move from the offeree to the offeror. That is, the person making the offer must be expecting something in return. In this case, Pastaman offer to buy all of Farmgirls produce, including the excess was the item that was moving from him to Farmgirl. On the other hand, Farmgirls acceptance to sell all her produce to Pastaman, and no excess to a third party without his consent was the item that was moving from her to Pastaman. However, the alibi of consideration here became subjective or destroyed, given that her agreement to the rationalise was an aspect of detrimental reliance (Gordley, 1997) on Pastamans agent who claimed that their company had never sought the enforcement of the consideration clau se. Farmgirl obviously acted on the belief that there was no consideration and she had no obligation to respect the terms of not selling her excess tomatoes to a third party. As was seen in the famous case of Tweddle v Atkinson (1861)1 if no consideration is present, then the contract may not be enforceable, even if it contains a clause to the effect that it should be enforceable. In this landmark case, the absence seizure of consideration prevented Tweddle implying a contract between himself and Atkinson (see TweddleVAtkinson1861). However, Powell (1790) contended that another important factor that showed consideration was forbearance. That is, the consideration is said to exist when one party accepts to fail to acquire out an act. Farmgirl never agreed to seek Pastamans consent before selling her excess tomatoes to third parties. So there wasnt any act of forbearance here and hence any consideration.

A Reflection and Evaluation to Personal and Organizational Business Research Paper

A Reflection and Evaluation to Personal and Organizational line of merchandise Ethics - Research Paper ExampleCorporate cheeks, or any professional organization for that matter, will always have to reach a foretell when improvement is needed or that the need for change should be addressed. Such scenarios happen within an organization, whether minor adjustments in policies or complete organization grammatical construction overhauls, are usually necessary so that operations or activities can progress accordingly. However, the central issue really of organizational development is all approximately the welfare of the individuals working within the organization, and the manner which their abilities and performance in reaching the organizations objectives are achieved. Also taken into great turnation are the effects of the vocation activities to the public constituents. Many relevant issues are put into inquiry. This matter would be called as business ethics. The definition of busi ness ethics varies greatly, further it is perhaps best described by Velazquez as a specialized study of moral right and wrong. It concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business policies, institutions and behavior.As changes in the economic and social environment, how should an organizations culture and practices deal with the nature of change? If being given the mantle of lead the head manager of a corporate organization, how would I set the standards, vision, mission and methods needed to develop a business entity that is fair, just, and balanced in the midst of profit and principles, and too maintaining integrity? This would be elaborated further on. Before everything, I must understand what are my personal ethics and standards, and try to form them as the organizations mission and vision as easy. My personal code of ethics for this company revolves around the concept care. The concept of care is usually taken into a typically altruistic point of view. The concept of care ethics tells that we have an obligation to exercise special care toward particular persons with whom we have valuable remnant relationships, particularly relations of dependency (Velazquez, 2006, p.125). Hence, my personal principle with regard to business ethics, in both the personal and organizational aspect, is that the treatment given and practiced between everyone involved in the organization is compassion and kindness. My personal mission statement encapsulates this ideal in the form of care and share. As a manager, I would consider developing a mission and vision statement that would encapsulate the principled ideals that I have for the company. In having a tidy mission and vision, as well as having room for flexible and achievable room to adapt along the way, individuals who are part of the company will also have a clear understanding of their purpose within the organization. Mikush and Philbin (1999) point this out precisely In effective organizations, the vision, values and mission derive from the convictions of

RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE - Essay ExampleThe proposed gym and training area/center will be constructed much(prenominal) that 30% and 70% of it is indoors and outdoors respectively. In terms of design and planning, the class will resemble a military training broadcast from which fire fighters can adapt the same training methods such as rope climbing and tacking hurdles.The application of the site analysis to the community program is to facilitate evaluation of developmental constrains. For instance, while the analysis of surrounding buildings and structures is essential, the topographical characteristics such as terrain are considered. Based on the weather, soil, and available vegetation, the design and eddy of the gym and training area/center would rely on this information. From a business perspective, the site analysis will consider how different other variables such as demographics and distribution interact within the area. For instance, the program will make use of a central loc ation from which prospective clients can access the premises. In addition, the dimensions of the gym and the training center will depend on the approximate number of clients within the community. Finally, the site analysis will consider legal aspects of architectural development such as building policies, regulation of private and public structures, and availability space for rental or purchase (Zimmerman,

Russia Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russia Revolution - Essay ExampleThe traditional Monarchy had increasingly become so weak and continuously got defeated in several wars. The empire became vulnerable which culminated to severe reactionary. Nicholas had total control over the activities and army (Beckwith 67). Nicholas II refused calls to incorporate people in his leadership and hence canaille poked holes and became discontented with his leadership that raised several questions. He took much time with family interest and became obsessed to retain his privileges and naively believed being a God-chosen leader. Nicholas was forced to melt down the Duma and joined the war front which made him loose his position as this became more detrimental to him.The Nicholas II had long seen his grandfathers assassination as well and witnessed his fathers responding to the assassination amidst brutal oppression of the people. The attempts by Nicholas to imitate the further approaches to the resistance did not augur well with already dissatisfied masses. The people vowed to oust Nicholas II following the ever emerging rebellious movements. Nicholas make several incident by incident concessions following the increased ferment caused by the imposition of oppressions. These concessions culminated into the inception of the first ever constitution and Russian Parliament. The concession persisted, and Nicholas II grip of power weakened hence opening the limen for his ousting in January 1917.The successive wars weakened the emperor such as The Crimean war that lasted between 1854 and 1856. Another war was The Russo-Turkish that was occurred during 1877-78. Another severe war was Russo-Japanese contend that lasted between 1904 and 1905, as well as The World War I of 1914-18. These wars spent tax revenue and manpower. The country suffered due to war defeats with only Turkish win. This weakened the nation and fueled the discontent amongst the

Persuasive request Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasive request - Essay ExampleHowever, recent changes in the canon have allowed exceptions for companies offering wellness programs. This is a huge opportunity for us to cut down insurance costs and improve the health status of the employees.The gild has established a plan that will modify the employees to reduce their cost by $500 for each health benchmark attained (Lowe 49). The benchmarks classes include smoking, trunk mass index, blood pressure and cholesterol. If all employees were to meet these benchmarks, they can reduce their deductible significantly (LeCuyer 5).The employees are therefore called upon to get more information on this from the insurance brochures and sign up for the fitness program. After signing up, the employees will see a fitness specialist who will develop a usance made plan and schedule for those who sign up. The company will offer all the necessary support by providing the information and fitness programs required to enable them the meet their be nchmarks.The course to reduce insurance costs would have been futile without your commitment and sacrifice. Please sign up for the fitness program to before the intercept of the month. Participating in this program could change your life forever and you could bid farewell to high insurance

Customer Service Operations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Service Operations - Term Paper ExampleIn order to carry out qualitative research into the issue, the essay will follow an investigative mode.In this regard, the typography will be based on the case study of ICICI which is a hint bank in Asia, with a strong focus on enhancing its international base as well. It started to operate under the name ICICI in 1994 and has gone on to become the second largest bank in India. (www.icici.com) My choice for this bank came from the fact that globalization is a major trend that has put various countries on the subroutine in terms of trends and customer atonement. With a bank like ICICI, it will be easier to study progress from the perspective of a developing bank in terms if it model of customer support systems.In this regard, the literature I have made use of is exhaustive. To begin with, there are texts on customer satisfaction like A Chakrabartys paper titled Barking up the wrong tree - Factors influencing customer satisfaction in retail banking in UK. This paper has all-important(a) methodologies that are imperative for the measurement of customer satisfaction. Further, the Cruickshank Report is another important work by Don Cruickshank, which was published in March 2000, for the HM Treasury. This paper is important to the basic structure in terms of its notes on customer satisfaction and rising competition in this sector. In this regard, Morris paper on the akin theme is both a criticism as well as a summation of this paper which further helped evolve the conception and strategies for customer satisfaction i

Literary paper discussing the writing style, and influince on american Essay

Literary paper discussing the writing style, and influince on american literature of Ernest Hemingway - Essay ExampleAdditionally, the level of emphasis will be provided with regards to the reinterpretation of Hemingways flawed hero and the profound impacts that this type of three imagination and rediscovery of the main character not only influenced upon Hemingways die hard but also has helped to redefine the way in which many other forms of American culture are expressed in exhibited to the audience. As a utilisation of this level of analysis, it is the hope of this author that the contributions of Ernest Hemingway will be more thoroughly understood and the legacy which he has bequeathed to American literature and culture can be more fully appreciated. Firstly, in order to understand minimalism, one must look to the way in which Hemingway so oftentimes sought to represent multifactorial human emotions or occurrences within their most basic understandings. Whereas many other ren owned authors had for years attempted to express their thoughts and beliefs to the reader in terms of ornate and overly verbose prose, Hemingway instead opted for a basic/simplistic approach that sought to integrate the key idea with the reader in as fewer linguistic communication as possible. This level of literary person this was not merely a simple literary technique rather, it helped to express a profound level of emotional tenseness and also underscored the importance of level to which his prolific use of imagery and symbolism were able to convey additional meanings beyond that which the actual definitions of the words employed could. Said one scholar with regards to Hemingways minimalism, Hemingway said prose is architecture and the Baroque age is over. Flaubert said close to the same thing, that words are deal stones with which one builds a wall. One should be mindful of careless writers whose words have no moorings and are too slippery (Liu 597). This lack of reliance upo n a level of word complexity forced the reader to draw a further level of inference based upon the nuances of the characters that were represented and pay close and circumscribed attention to what ever aspects of imagery may represent further understood and in within the story. In such a way, rather than seeking to use complex language in tandem with imagery and scenery to affect a stated goal, Hemingway provided a new paradigm in which the use of archetype language was reduced to the extent and obvious point in which the reader realized that the minimalism belied a more important complexity of surrounding elements that must be paid attention to. Although it cannot be argued that Ernest Hemingway somehow defined the tragic hero, it must be understood how he reanimated a uniquely American/post World War I interpretation of this hero. In nearly every single one of Hemingways works, the hero is something of an existential one. Drawing upon the uptake of the philosophy and impacts o f the time, Hemingway invariably represented these individuals within his stories invariably as deeply scarred individuals that exhibit psychological ones of posts romance and past experience with relation to effect (Brogan 122). This representation of the hero was undoubtedly affected due to the fact

Ionising radiation in medical imaging Essay Example for Free

Ionising light beam in aesculapian imaging EssayContemporary aesculapian practice is heavily reliant on mediconuclear and radiological procedures and investigations. To derive grave diagnostic information, medical personnel must carry out investigations which may expose patients and the medical personnel to certain take aims of bump. With the continued advancement of medicine and diagnostic examinations, many procedures which utilize relatively high loads of radiation to produce images argon becoming more and more popular.To protect patients and radiologists from the harmful do of radiation painting, protection practices and standards ar grounded on the understanding that any level of radiation may cause detrimental health effects, including genetic damage and dropcer breeding. However, plot of land protection standards yield been significant in reducing the level of exposure to harmful radiation, these estimates argon just approximations. Some authors hand o ver argued that these approximations be indeed underestimates and that erupt estimates of risk should be calculated based on the age and sex of an individual.These concerns imply that doctors and radiologists must uphold the highest standards for radiation protection, including limiting the number of times a patient subjected to radiologic examination. The use of ionsing radiation in medical imaging began with x- barbs discovery in 1895. Basically, ionising radiation consists of the component of electromagnetic spectrum which has sufficient energy to penetrate through and through matter and dislodge orbital electrons which are then converted into ions and captured in an electromagnetic film. Different types of electromagnetic radiations (gamma rays and x-rays) are utilised in different forms of medical imaging.Different forms of radiation also have different biologic effects. Imaging modalities such as single photon computed mental imagery (SPECT), cardiovascular computed imager y (CVCT), positron run tomography (PET), and x-ray fluoroscopy have become indispensable diagnostic tools in almost every medical establishment. Even though these modalities are necessary for an spotless and timely diagnosis, the emission of both particulate and photon radiation means that the risks and benefits of these diagnostic techniques contain to be evaluated.While it is easy to quantify some radiation dosimetry parameters, others can only be estimated by employ complex simulations and assumptions models. Generally, radiation dosimetry is presented in terms of physical measurements. Based on literature query, this paper discusses the risks associated with ionising radiation in medical imaging and the measures taken by both the patients and the medical staff to limit the level of radiation sexually transmitted disease. Risks Associated with Ionising Radiation in Medical Imaging depiction to ionising radiation in the medical/hospital environment can either exhibit as s ettled or stochastic impacts. Deterministic effects are those effects whose severity is determined by the radiation paneling. These effects occur when the radiation exposure goes beyond the dosage threshold. The most common example of deterministic effects is skin burns. When the skin is clear for a long time to radiation, particularly in the course of prolonged fluoroscopic procedures, skin burns may occur.Patients undergoing electrophysiologic extirpation examinations which may take more than one hour are more at risk of suffering skin burns as a emergence of repeated exposure to relatively high levels of radiation doses. 3 Other deterministic effects include cataract formation, skin erythema, and epilation. Stochastic effects are those effects whose probabilities of occurrence are dependent on the dosage. For instance, effects such as radiation induced carcinogenesis always occur after a person has been exposed to variable doses of radiation for a long time.Generally, stocha stic effects do not have a threshold dose rather, long term exposure to ionising radiation may cause varying degrees of cell proliferation, division, and differentiation. Thus, it is extremely difficult to establish the exact level of exposure that can be incriminated in the culture of crab louse or any other associated effect. However, it has been demonstrated that higher doses of ionising radiation may cause chromosomal changes and subsequent malignancies. On the contrary, it should be far-famed that not all chromosomal alterations cause phenotypic illnesses. Exposure to high doses of radiation may induce malignancy in children, especially the development of leukemia. There are two different theoretical perspectives for discussing the link between medical imaging and cancer development at relatively low exposure levels. According to the elongated no-threshold theory, the effects of radiation are not limited to a certain threshold of exposure. In essence, all radiation emitted have the capacity of causing malignancies and the risk accession linearly with dosage.On the other hand, the linear-quadratic theory states that low doses have an insignificant risk on exploitation malignancies and that the risk can only amplification quantitatively with exposures to high radiation doses. In many international and national legislatings concerning radiation and reducing exposure to radioactive emissions, the more conservative linear no-threshold hypothesis have been adopted as opposed to the linear quadratic hypothesis. This consensus ensures that no amount of radiation exposure is taken as being negligible and insignificant when it comes to malignancies and other associated effects.The Chernobyl disaster and the Hiroshima tragedy are two examples of the effects of high dose radiations that have been widely studied. Studies of the survivors have confirmed the hypothesis that in-utero X ray exposure step-ups the risk of cancer development. Again, it should be un derstood that radioactive emissions from nuclear accidents or explosions cannot be compared with the doses of ionising radiation that patients and staff are exposed to during medical imaging. epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that low dose radiations can lead to the development of leukemia and solid tumours. Due to this link, workers in the nuclear industry and health care are often monitored and the level of exposure restricted to not more than 20 mSv per years (100 mSv in five years). The current growth in the use of computed tomography imaging has created renewed interest into the possible risks associated with CT scans. Some studies have established that computed tomography imaging, especially cardiac CT imaging.According to Moloo (2009), cardiac CT imaging exposes patients to a lifetime risk of developing cancers. A radiation dosage of 2. 3 milliSieverts may result in a lifetime cancer risk of 20 cases per 100,000 women and 8 cases per 100,000 men. The risk to de veloping lung cancers is higher than that of developing other cancers. Using insurance claims documentation of 1 million clients, other researchers have also been able to establish that more than more than 70% of medical claims were associated with medical imaging procedures.Notably, CT scans of the abdomen and the pelvis, CT scans of the chest, and myocardial perfusion imaging accounted for the superlative proportion of exposure to cumulative radiation doses. It is also important to note that, even though not widely reported, a single radiation dose of an abdominal or pelvic computed tomography imaging far exceeds the recommended annual background radiation dose. For instance, cardiac CT imaging typically exposes the patient to a radiation dosage of 3-15 mSv, for mammograms the patient is exposed to 0. mSv, while pelvic/abdominal CT imaging exposes the patient to 10mSv. These dosages far exceed the annual background dosages and increase the likelihood of developing cancers. Castra novo (2008) asserts that even though the use of multidetector CT angiography has been extremely important in generating images in a very short time, it should be noted that the population exposure to radiation has risen from a mere 0. 54 mSv to more than 3. 2 mSv. 16-slice computer tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) increases the probability of cancer developing in different patient organs.These risks call for an evaluation of radiation dosages, particularly in CTCA so as to ensure that the benefits far outweigh the risks associated with the procedure. In a study carried out in the United Kingdom, it was estimated that the course of catheter based coronary angiography exposes patients to fluoroscopic radiation and increases the risk of cancer in 280 per one million patients examined. Exposures to fluoroscopic radiation during electrophysiologic excommunication have been estimated to increase the number of fatal malignancies in both men and women. 3For pregnant mothers, exposure to radiation may cause teratogenesis. High dose variations may cause fetal malformations, central nervous system alterations, particularly mental retardation and microcephaly. Therefore, even though sick mothers may require medical imaging to aid in diagnosis, radiations have a potential adverse effect on the foetus and physicians should critically assess the need merits and demerits of using medical imaging as a diagnostic procedure, especially when there are safer alternatives. Finally, ionising radiations increases the risk of radiation-induced gene mutations.Germline mutations have the potential of altering future generations. Such radiations increase the frequency of genetic mutations in the population hence potentially altering future germ lines. In other cases, genetic mutations may lead to the development of either physical or physiological deformities, or cause genetic diseases. 12 It widely known that the main consequence of adverse exposure to ionising radiation is hered itary effects. Radioactive damage of gametes may lead to a wide sick of mild or serious consequences, including mental defects and death (Edward).Precautions Required to protect Against Ionising Radiation Medical professionals have an ethical and professional obligation to protect patients under diagnostic procedures that may expose them to adverse levels of radiation. The primary precautionary measure is training. According to the Ionising Radiations (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R) of 2000 in the United Kingdom, radiologists are required to undergo specialist training on the physics of ionising radiations and the measures which should be taken to protect against radiation exposure.The legislation also has provisions for patients to report to the IR (ME) R Inspectorate about incidents of radiation overexposure. Since medical radiation accounts for 14 percent of UKs average annual dose, these legislations are an important regulatory tool protecting both staff and patients from unwarranted exposure to radiation originating from medical imaging procedures. It is also important to reiterate that these laws, as well as the provisions included in the International Commission on Radiological Protection are grounded on the linear threshold theory.Radiologists have an obligation to expose the patient and the staff to minimal amounts of radiation necessary for the successful completion of the procedure. Where appropriate, the dose of radiation used in cardiovascular computed tomography may be reduced by adjusting the scan parameters to suit every individual patient. Software based modifications can also be installed to reduce the level of exposure to radiation by changing computer tomography scanning protocols. For instance, the x-ray resistance radiation output can be reduced by ECG-controlled tube current modulations.In interventional radiology, the decision to use radiation diagnostic techniques should be justified as per the requirements of the regulator y authority. Patients should never be exposed to radiation unless the practitioner has offered a prescription which complies with relevant national guidelines. In making that prescription, the medical practitioner should be guided by the efficiency of the diagnostic intervention, the benefits and risks associated with the technology, and the approachability of other alternative technologies that are less harmful.With respect to equipment specifications, all authorized diagnostic radiology equipment must meet the compliance requirements set out by national and international regulatory standards. Such specifications must take into account the possibility of human errors, equipment failures, or any other occurrence that may predispose medical practitioners and patients to unhealthy radiation exposure. Radiological procedures such as mammography, dental radiology, and interventional radiology should only be performed by specifically trained personnel using specifically designed imaging systems.Where appropriate, radiology units should have automatic exposure control systems and automatic brightness controls. These measures optimize patient doses. Operationally, regulatory agencies in the UK are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the registrants and licensees comply with all the minimum necessary standards. This is achieved by specifying applicable operational parameters such as the types of equipment that can be used, safer procedures for examining the chest, thorax, abdomen, and lumbar dagger regions as well as the skull and pelvis.Other measures may include changing radiation generator parameters such as the tube voltage range and tube loading, changing the focal spot, film processing conditions, and film-screen combination. 15 Conclusion The fact that recent advances in radiological and mediconuclear imaging procedures have become indispensable diagnostic tools is indisputable. Accurate and timely examination of clients through radiologic proced ures saves lives and paves the way for scientific based treatment and management of diseases.The popularity of these techniques continues to soar to their speed and relative ease of use. Recent research has established that the current levels of radiation exposure for diagnostic purposes far supersede what had previously been thought. This realization has created a new wave of debates and studies into the benefits and risks associated with ionising radiation and whether imaging is crucial for accurate diagnosis. 4 Even though an accurate measurement of the incremental risk of ionising radiation in medical imaging is yet to be determined, the skepticism of the relationship between doses and tissue specific responses should is enough to encourage only the use of low doses. The link between ionising radiation and cancer implies that both physicians and patients need to acknowledge the potential harm that CT imaging causes and strictly implement radiation protection measures.Every indi vidual should be exposed to radiation dosage based on their phenotypic and physiologic characteristics. Recognizing the gravity of other associated risks such as teratogenesis and radiation induced gene mutations implies that additional care should be taken when using diagnostic imaging. Clinical decision making as regards the utilization of low levels of ionising radiation should be supported by a broad range of modalities which justify the risk-benefit ratio.

Interest groups Essay Example for Free

Interest groups EssayMore than any other group specific engagement groups hold an enormous amount of sway in the American political system. What is interesting here is the fact that most of the public looks upon special interest groups with disdain. There are a number of reasons for this but before the reasons can be defined special interests must be defined. An interest group is an organized faction that seeks to sway political influence that is favorable to them. For example, many corporations pressure politicians to ease immigration laws because they earn enormous volumes of cash by using sweat that is generally inexpensive. When it comes to the effect that special interest groups have on democratic pluralism, the effect is generally negative. The reason for this is that special interest groups undermine the democratic do work and this frustrates the public to a significant degree. Probably the most significant area that voters express frustration in is the notion that s pecial interest groups are prospered by politicians more than the popular pass on of the American people.That is, if a special interest group promotes an item or an agenda that is opposed by the colossal majority of the America people, politicians will still give significant attention to the special interest groups and wherefore will side with the special interest groups against the will of the people. This creates a significant amount of anger and discontent on the part of the voters because it leads to a situation where the representative form of government is no longer playacting in a manner that would be deemed representative.In other words, the elected officials no longer promote the interests of the public, but rather promote the interests of front groups, elitists and corporatists. Sadly, this judging while somewhat oversimplified is very close to accurate. One of the reasons that special interest groups have such influence is because an enormous amount of money is re quired to trace a successful election and special interest groups bring with them a great deal of money.While this may seem like a misanthropic assessment of the current political landscape it is withal an accurate one. It would be next to impossible for someone such as James Madison to endorse the current situation where special interest groups yield significant sway in the government arena. While Madison did understand that political factions were inevitable and also not inherently bad, his belief system (like most of the framers) was generally influenced by John Locke and Lockes belief in the societal Contract.Within the framework of the Social Contract it is explicitly stated that the government is supposed to protect the inalienable rights of the individual. When the goals of special interests are placed above the needs and benefit of the American people, then the entire notion of the Social Contract is undermined. As such, it would be difficult to believe that Madison wou ld support the current landscape of special interest groups that shadow American politics. Granted, while there is much discontent in the United States regarding special interest groups these groups will never go away.These groups are well funded and their money is welcomed by politicians. As such, interest groups will remain on the political landscape forever and ever. Literally.Bibliography Madison, J. , Hamilton, A. , and Jay, J. (Date Unknown)THE FEDERALIST PAPERS. Retrieved 4 September 2007 from http//patriotpost. us/fedpapers/fedpapers. html Scheikart, Larry. A nationalistS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New York Penguin, 2007. Zinn, Howard. A PEOPLES HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New York Harpers, 2007.

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure

The Canadian occupational slaying MeasureIntroductionPaediatric is a field which comprises of umteen complex and interesting issues which always related with tyke development. The development of child that begins from simple to complex that revolves on each of components such as physical, sensory, psychological, cognitive and cordial issues entertain always being discuss by many researcher who always doing their studies to understand more about the earliest stage of mankind in the world.Many researchers slang physical exertiond a lot of approaches and practises to evaluate and understand about the human development. One of the professionals who always take out advantage on researching the child is Occupational Therapy. Occupational Therapy is one important professional in the reclamation process. In occupational therapy, a lot of efforts deport been made to implement and purify guest centimered practice which defined as an approach to providing occupational therapy which embraces a philosophy of respect for, and partnership with, people receiving services (Eyssen, Beelen, Dedding, Cardol, Dekker, 2005). The concept is focused on respect for the clients and their families, who have the ultimate responsibility for decisions about everyday occupations and who should be provided with learning emphasising person-centred communication (Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004). This concept can be useful for all client-centred renewal to evaluate and give handling to the clients. Paediatric rehabilitation seems to focus increasingly on client-centred c atomic number 18. (Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet, 2006). Client-centred c ar implies addressing the problems that an individual develops (Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet, 2006 Law M., 1998 Sumsion, 1999). These problems might concern a commodious spectrum of atomic number 18as, including the murder of daily activities. (Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meest er-Delver, Nollet, 2006 Hendriks, De Moor, Oud, Franken, 2000). Earlier studies have suggested that a client-centred approach leads to an improvement in client expiation, functional outcome and better compliance (Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet, 2006).Due to that, thither atomic number 18 similarities that present in the field of researching of the paediatrics with client centred approach. The similarities coiffe it suitable for the use of Canadian Occupational performance Measure. This especially design military rating form from Occupational Therapy is now widely used throughout the world. As the data that this assessment provides are credible, outcome based and accepted as attest throughout the world (Pendleton Schultz-Krohn, 2006). Mainly, it is to a fault can be used by multidisciplinary teams to understand and identifies the inescapably and priorities of the child and their parents by expanding the focus of the converse (Siebes, Ketelaar, Gor ter, et al., 2007). Although that, there are research done to make COPM have the ability to evaluate child below the range of previous version (Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004) to make it more user favorable and sensitive towards the clients situations. Thus, the modified version of COPM is born and refers as special COPM which researcher now being extensively done studies on it (Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004).DescriptionAs declared by Law, Baptiste, Carswell, McColl, Polatajko, Pollock in 2005, the original COPM is an individualized measure that is specially design to detect any agitates in clients self perception on their occupational performance over time as this assessment is based on Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance. It is an Occupational Based Assessment Model which uses a client centred approach and have criterion referenced measure (Pendleton Schultz-Krohn, 2006). COPM also have its concepts as it emphasized more on its standardizations and its effecti veness. As stated (Pendleton Schultz-Krohn, 2006), the concepts of COPM are based onThe primary anteriority is given towards the client and then later on their condition.Choices and supports are offered to clients as it straight directed in Occupational Therapy Process.Clients needs, tolerable and importance towards their occupation have to be treated in acceptable, flexible and accessible manner during providence of hitchs.Interventions contextually are given in appropriate and relevance.It have clear respect on the differences and varieties towards the clients as in Occupational Therapy ProcessAs stated by Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen in 2004, special COPM have undergoes two major modifications that were made to ensure its avaiability and effectiveness towards assessing children.First, it relates on working with children (and their parents) by reframing of occupations as the things children need to do, want to do and are judge to do in their daily lives are important. Parents and caregivers are the best to knows on their child performance as they are the closely close person thats directly relates with the child. Issues, priorities, abilities, problems and importance towards the child occupational performance are some of the topics that can be share and discuss between parents and multidiciplinary teams to identify the most realistic intervention goals.Second, the substitution of occupational area Productivity/Work with Communication/Behaviour have been done as the children from two to four years do not engage and involve in formal school activities. Parents were asked to consider and identify how their childs communication and behaviour difficulties impacted on the childs ability to engage in their daily occupations. This to ensure that it can helped parents consider communication, behaviour, play, self-care, routines and transitions, as well as family socialisation among their children.PurposesMainly, COPM is used to identify problems in clients perf ormance area with regards to their occupational performance, to gives rates on clients priorities towards their occupational performance, to evaluate performance and satisfactory levels that is related with their occupational performance problems area, measuring the changes in clients perception of their occupational performance over the courses of occupational therapy intervention programmes and its mainly to measure any changes in clients self perception of occupational performance which have variety of disabilities comprises of all developmental stages.Suitable Condition For utilise COPMPervasive Developmental Disorders which are Aspergers Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder (Phelan, Steinke, Mandich, 2009).Congenital Syndrome And Deformities (Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet, 2006)Developmental Delayed (Rezze, VirginiaWright, Curran, Campbell, Macarthur, 2009)Acquire Brain Injury (Rezze, VirginiaWright, Curran, Campbell, Macarthur, 2009)Cerebral Pal sy (Nijhuis, et al., 2008).This is due to the requirement of these children towards their needs and problems in order to achieve their goal in their rehabilitation programmes. The studies done by Nijhuis, et al. in 2008 shows there is no optimal of the integration of child with their rehabilitation programmes.Note that, COPM have been accepted and approved its effectiveness on these conditions as these conditions have the most obvious proof by researcher. COPM can still be use to all disability groups and conditions (Law, Baptiste, Carswell, McColl, Polatajko, Pollock, 2005). This is refers to the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance as stated in Law, Baptiste, Carswell, McColl, Polatajko, Pollock on 2005 which shows that the results between interaction of persons, environment and occupation will affect their occupational performance.DomainsThe test consists of tercet divided area which have been further subdivided as followsOccupational PerformanceSelf care, operative Mob ility, and Community ManagementProductivity/WorkPaid/Unpaid work, household Management, Play/SchoolLeisureQuite recreation, active recreation, socializationWhile the Modified COPM comprises of Self Care, Communication/Behaviours, and Leisure. The domain for Modified COPM (Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004)Communication To ask before going to the fridge. To increase ability to make needs known. To communicate need for toilet. Requesting food for thought and toys. Responding to come here.Social Interaction To improve eye contact. To join in more with Mum and siblings. To share and take turns with sibling. To improve tolerance of others engaging in play.Behaviour To express frustration in appropriate ways. To reduce the frequency of unusual behaviour. To sit down for snack time at kindy. To react sedately when mess/spills made. To reduce amount of time spent selfstimulating.Play To stay beside parents when walking in open spaces. To play by him/herself for five minutes. To play with nominate friend for five minutes. To play calmly alongside sibling. To engage in functional play with a doll. To increase play skills with other children.Self-care To tolerate hair-brushing (tolerate move and bunches) To sit on toilet for five minutes. To tolerate sitting on toilet properly. To establish a regular toilet routine years dropThe minimum age range of person who can be assessing with COPM is 8 years old. But, according to Law, Baptiste, Carswell, McColl, Polatajko, Pollock, 2005, the age can be as young as 5 years old to 6 years old as during this age, the child are able to be self assessing, self awareness and self understanding. In other words, the children are able to express their feelings and thoughts towards their occupations (Case-Smith OBrien, 2010). But if the child is unable to be assessing by their own, parents and caregivers can help healer to assess their child. The recognition of family roles in the development of child with respect to the child occup ational goal outcomes during early intervention should be implemented and concentrated on (Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004).Procedures and ScoringThe organisation of COPM is following on 4 major steps which important on obtaining the correct, reliable, valid and understandable data. The steps areProblem DefinitionRating magnificenceScoring critiqueCOPM Cover PageThe cover page consist of Clients Name, Age, Gender, Identification Number, Respondent (if assessment is done with people who relate with client), Date of Assessment, aforethought(ip) date of Reassessment, Date of Reassessment, Therapist Name, Facility or Agency the Therapist situated, and Program that offers to the client.Therapist should sodding(a) the cover page as it used for identifying the client or the respondent as well as to provide some demographic information with respect to the rehabilitation that administered to the client. Other than that, some healer use this initial information gathered from client to e ncourage and help clients to discuss issues relates with their disabilities and the effects towards their daily functioning. Law M. , Baptiste, Carswell, McColl, Polatajko, Pollock in 2005, are encouraging therapist to performing these interviews as it can assist in the COPM interview process and the back page of the COPM can also be used to record the information that gathers at the COPM.Step 1 Problem DefinitionThe beginning(a) step is essential as COPM is relatively unstructured assessment process. The steps are begins with interview the clients about their latest occupational performance with regards to their disability or current conditions. Intensive skills of interviewing, probing for the full response of client, validating assumptions and motivates the clients or respondent is the most essential skills that therapist have to care most as it requires to obtain the most thorough and comprehensive assessment.The therapist have to make this step crucial during assessing the c lients as its can make clients indentify their occupations that they want to do, need to do and expected to do in their daily life. Encouraging the clients to think about a typical day and describe their occupations that they are typically do, also have to be taken care of by therapist. Therapist then asks the clients about their ability and satisfactory towards performing those occupation that they have stated early.In simpler words Knows about clients needs, performance and satisfaction.At this stage, it is important for therapist to identify the areas of occupational performance that make difficulties to the client by administering the COPM with as comfortable as therapist and client as can with regards to any style that therapist considers appropriate with the interview.The test consists of deuce-ace divided area which have been further subdivided that is simple and helpful for the therapist during interview process that only provide some structure and ensure therapist to cove rs all the required areas and not put the effort to the clients itself. However, therapist needs to review each area to ensure all occupational performance problems are identified. Follow the clients lead when deals with different areas as they may response in their own manners of telling during the interviewNote that, not all of the areas have to be cover by therapist as it is use for ensuring the importance of certain occupation for the client have been discussed with them. Some areas may present during reassessment, so, take note on that area too.Step 2 Rating ImportanceThis is the important steps in this assessment. Clients have to rate on their occupational problems that they have chosen in previous interview in terms of the occupational importance in their life. The importance is rated on a ten point subdue and enters it on the score sheet at beside of the defined problems. By doing this, it gives immediate understanding on the engagement of the client in the setting of prov iding and facilitating the intervention and the priorities that should be taking care of. type immensityHow important is it to you to be able to do this activity?Not important at all Extremely historic1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Step 3 ScoringBased on step 2, assist client to find and choose the top 5 most problematic and important occupations. Therapist may assist on covering the highest rates on importance of the occupation that they have chosen recently and help to identify and understand the relations of the occupation, problems and issues for intervention the client. This allow client to trounce opportunities to confirm and agreed with their most important problems or to choose other problems that is less important if they wish to focus on the intervention that relates with the problems.The top 5 chosen problems is suggested to be enters in the scoring section which will be the basis for the intervention goal that later then implemented towards client. Contrarily, those target goa ls are not the only outcomes that therapist have to work with. In fact, therapist has to covers beyond the goals to achieve the maximum ability of the client.Simplify, at this step, the client should have complete their self evaluation towards their current performance in that area as well as complete their self evaluation towards their satisfaction towards their current performance.The scoring rating for performance and satisfaction on each problem are easy, but it is not necessarily to do it first and move to the next problem. Gains of at least 2 points on the COPM are considered clinically important (Rezze, VirginiaWright, Curran, Campbell, Macarthur, 2009).Example PERFORMANCEHow would you rate the way you do this activity?Unable to do at all Extremely Well Do1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Example SATISFACTIONHow satisfied are you with the way you do this activity?Not satisfied at all Extremely Satisfied1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Therapists have to enter the clients score in appropriate box. The n, therapist has to follows the rules belownitty-gritty strike off=Total Performance Score / Number of ProblemsORTotal Score=Total Satisfaction Score / Number of ProblemsThe data obtained is then enters on the TOTAL section.Step 4 ReassessmentReassessment is done at appropriate time interval such as in between initial assessment and therapeutic intervention. The time interval is varied which depends on the agreement and judgement that have been done by therapist and client.During reassessment, the Performance and Satisfaction have to be evaluating again by following the previous ways and enters it on reassessment sections.Then, therapist has to follows the rules belowChange In Performance=Performance Score 2-Performance Score 1ORChange in Satisfaction=Satisfaction Score 2-Satisfaction Score 1Then, in order to get total change in performance or satisfaction, therapists have to calculate based on rules at belowTotal Change In Performance=Total Performance Score 2-Total Performance Sc ore 1ORTotal Change in Satisfaction=Total Satisfaction Score 2-Total Satisfaction Score 1The Administration for Modified COPM also have four steps which is same as the previous, but in this modified version, the steps is mainly refers to interviewing parents and caregivers. The steps areParents asked to identify occupations that were difficult for their son/daughter with regards to self-care, play, rest and relaxation.Parents rated these difficulties using a 10-point scale to identify priorities for intervention.Parents rated current performance and satisfaction of their son/daughter on three to five of the priority areas using a 10-point scale.Parents rated performance and satisfaction post-intervention.Administration Time15 minutes to 30 minutes depends on the experience of the therapist to gain information.Psychometric PropertiesReliabilityBased on the research done by Eyssen, Beelen, Dedding, Cardol, Dekker, 2005,The ICC for the mean scores for performance and satisfaction were respectively 0.67 (95% CI 0.54-0.78) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.56-0.79). The limits of agreement for the mean values of performance and satisfaction were in the range of respectively -2.5 to 2.4 (d -0.05, SD 1.2) and -2.3 to 2.7 (d 0.01, SD 1.4). Cohens weighted kappa for each of the five problems ranged from 0.37 to 0.49 for performance scores and 0.38-0.49 for satisfaction scores.Inter Rater ReliabilityFor original COPM, Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet, 2006 have stated that,The comparison between two interview was done which the first COPM interviews identified 392 prioritized problems and the second 390. In the first COPM only two problems were prioritized for one child, four problems for five children and five problems were identified for 74 children, while in the second COPM interview only three problems were prioritized for three children, four problems for four children and five problems for 73 children. Of the 392 prioritized problems identified in the f irst interview, 290 were prioritized again in the second interview. Of the problems that were prioritized at the first assessment, the median percentage that were also prioritized at the second assessment was 80. No systematic differences were found in the mean scores for performance and satisfaction of the problems that were prioritized in both interviews. The limits of agreement for performance scores were -2.4 to +2.3 (d_/0.7, SD 1.2) and for satisfaction scores -2.3 to +2.6 (d 0.18, SD 1.2).For Modified COPM, Rodger, Braithwaite, Keen, 2004 shows that,Inter-rater agreement for goal domain classification was 92.2 per cent. For specific domains, inter-rater agreement was 100 per cent for self-care, 97.3 per cent for communication, 94.7 per cent for behaviour, 91.7 per cent for play, and 69.2 per cent for social interaction. No goals were classified as Other. Parents identified between three and six goals. The mean number of goals was 4.09. The domain of communication represented the highest priority area of goals identified by parents.ValidityConstruct ValidityResearch of Verkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet in 2006 have found that,For 196 (50%) problems prioritized in the first COPM there was a similar item in the PEDINL and for 151 prioritized problems (39%) there was a comparable item in the TAP(C)QOL and 144 (95%) of these corresponding items were also ticked by the parents on the TAP(C)QOL. For 142 (36%) prioritized problems in the COPM no comparable item could be found in either the PEDI-NL or the TAP(C)QOL. These problems concerned a great variety of activities, the majority of which were play activities, preschool skills, outdoor activities and activities which were not explicate specifically enough in the PEDI-NL or the TAP(C)QOL.Criterion ValidityVerkerk, Jeanne, Wolf, Louwers, Meester-Delver, Nollet in 2006 also have found that,A total of 157 (71%) of the 221 problems reported in the replies to the unrestricted question mat ched the prioritized problems reported in the COPM. However, 66 (30%) of the 221 matched problems concerned temperament or impairments and behaviour of the child, but not activities.Case StudyClients Name MH Jr.Age 5 yearsGender MaleId 123456Respondent Mrs. NH (mother)Date of Assessment 31st August 2010Planned Date of Reassessment September 2010Date of Reassessment 14th September 2010Therapist Mrs. NBFacility/Agency Dept. of Occupational TherapyProgramStep 1 Identification of Occupational Performance IssuesStep 2 Rating ImportanceStep 1A Self CarePersonal CareDressingFeedingFunctional MobilitySittingStandingCommunity ManagementIMPORTANCE8898Step 1B ProductivityPaid/Unpaid WorkHousehold ManagementPlay/SchoolPlay with peers order of payment75Step 1C LeisureQuite RecreationActive RecreationSocializationEmotional outburst when play7Step 3 and 4 Scoring Initial Assessment and ReassessmentInitial AssessmentReassessmentOccupational Performance ProblemsPerformance 1Satisfaction 1Performan ce 2FeedingDressingSittingStandingDrawing435352133454546ScoringTotal Score =Performance Satisfaction of problems(4+3+5+3+5)5= 4(2+1+3+3+4)5= 2.6(5+4+5+4+6)5= 4.8Change In Performance =Performance Score 2 (4.8) Performance Score 1 (4)= 0.8Change in Satisfaction =Satisfaction Score 2 (5) Satisfaction Score 1 (2.6)= 2.4Additional Notes and Background informationInitial AssessmentThis child have mild Spastic Cerebral Palsy with affected all four limbs.ReassessmentThis child have pauperism to do the activities provided although may sometime present frustration and emotional outburst.Appendices